The Welfare State as Universal Social Security: A Case Study of Pakistan's Challenges and Prospects

Abstract

This research paper explores the challenges and prospects of establishing a welfare state in Pakistan, focusing on the concept of universal social security and its implementation within the country’s socio-economic context. Pakistan, despite its efforts to address poverty and social exclusion through programs like the Benazir Income Support Program (BISP) and the Ehsaas Program, faces significant barriers in providing universal social security due to political instability, institutional fragmentation, corruption, and resource constraints. The methodology employed a mixed-methods approach, combining qualitative semi-structured interviews with policymakers, social workers, and beneficiaries of welfare programs, as well as quantitative analysis of government reports and statistical data on poverty, unemployment, and social protection. The findings highlight key issues, including inadequate government spending on social protection, uneven access to welfare programs, and systemic challenges related to governance and corruption. Comparative analysis with successful welfare models from other countries like Sweden and Germany further underscores Pakistan's gaps in essential sectors like health and education. The conclusion calls for increased budgetary allocations, better governance, gender-inclusive policies, and public-private partnerships to create a more inclusive and sustainable welfare system. This study provides actionable recommendations for policymakers to strengthen Pakistan’s welfare state and ensure equitable access to social security for all citizens.